tarunWednesday, August 13, 2008
Thursday, June 19, 2008
natural antidiabetic agents
Herbs for Diabetes
Since antiquity, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines. Recent scientific investigation has confirmed the efficacy of many of these preparations, some of which are remarkably effective. Only those herbs that appear most effective, are relatively non-toxic and have substantial documentation of efficacy are covered here.
Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino, Malabar Kino, Pitasara, Venga)
The tree is the source of the Kino of the European pharmacopeas. The gum-resin looks like dried blood (Dragon's blood), much used in Indian medicine. This herb has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. The flavonoid, (-)-epicatechin, extracted from the bark of this plant has been shown to prevent alloxan-induced beta cell damage in rats.
Both epicatechin and a crude alcohol extract of Pterocarpus marsupium have actually been shown to regenerate functional pancreatic beta cells. No other drug or natural agent has been shown to generate this activity.
Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)
Bitter melon, also known as balsam pear, is a tropical vegetable widely cultivated in Asia, Africa and South America, and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The blood sugar lowering action of the fresh juice or extract of the unripe fruit has been clearly established in both experimental and clinical studies.
Bitter melon is composed of several compounds with confirmed anti-diabetic properties. Charantin, extracted by alcohol, is a hypoglycaemic agent composed of mixed steroids that is more potent than the drug tolbutamide which is often used in the treatment of diabetes. Momordica also contains an insulin-like polypeptide, polypeptide-P, which lowers blood sugar levels when injected subcutaneously into type 1 diabetic patients. The oral administration of 50-60 ml of the juice has shown good results in clinical trials.
Excessively high doses of bitter melon juice can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Small children or anyone with hypoglycemia should not take bitter melon, since this herb could theoretically trigger or worsen low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. Furthermore, diabetics taking hypoglycemic drugs (such as chlorpropamide, glyburide, or phenformin) or insulin should use bitter melon with caution, as it may potentiate the effectiveness of the drugs, leading to severe hypoglycemia.
Gymnema Sylvestre (Gurmar, Meshasringi, Cherukurinja)
Gymnema assists the pancreas in the production of insulin in Type 2 diabetes. Gymnema also improves the ability of insulin to lower blood sugar in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It decreases cravings for sweet. This herb can be an excellent substitute for oral blood sugar-lowering drugs in Type 2 diabetes. Some people take 500 mg per day of gymnema extract.
Onion and Garlic ( Allium cepa and Allium sativum)
Onion and garlic have significant blood sugar lowering action. The principal active ingredients are believed to be allyl propyl disulphide (APDS) and diallyl disulphide oxide (allicin), although other constitutents such as flavonoids may play a role as well.
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that APDS lowers glucose levels by competing with insulin for insulin-inactivating sites in the liver. This results in an increase of free insulin. APDS administered in doses of 125 mg/ kg to fasting humans was found to cause a marked fall in blood glucose levels and an increase in serum insulin. Allicin doses of 100 mg/kg produced a similar effect.
Onion extract was found to reduce blood sugar levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance. The effect improved as the dosage was increased; however, beneficial effects were observed even for low levels that used in the diet (eg., 25 to 200 grams). The effects were similar in both raw and boiled onion extracts. Onions affect the hepatic metabolism of glucose and/or increases the release of insulin, and/or prevent insulin's destruction.
The additional benefit of the use of garlic and onions are their beneficial cardiovascular effects. They are found to lower lipid levels, inhibit platelet aggregation and are antihypertensive. So, liberal use of onion and garlic are recommended for diabetic patients.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the antidiabetic properties of fenugreek seeds. The active ingredient responsible for the antidiabetic properties of fenugreek is in the defatted portion of the seed that contains the alkaloid trogonelline, nicotinic acid and coumarin.
Blueberry leaves (Vaccinium myrtillus)
A decoction of the leaves of the blueberry has a long history of folk use in the treatment of diabetes. The compound myrtillin (an anthocyanoside) is apparently the most active ingredient. Upon injection it is somewhat weaker than insulin, but is less toxic, even at 50 times the 1 g per day therapeutic dose. A single dose can produce beneficial effects lasting several weeks.
Blueberry anthocyanosides also increase capillary integrity, inhibit free-radical damage and improve the tone of the vascular system. In Europe, it is used as an anti-haemorrhagic agent in the treatment of eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy.
Asian Ginseng
Asian ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. It has been shown to enhance the release of insulin from the pancreas and to increase the number of insulin receptors. It also has a direct blood sugar-lowering effect.
A recent study found that 200 mg of ginseng extract per day improved blood sugar control as well as energy levels in Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM).
Bilberry
Bilberry may lower the risk of some diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataracts and retinopathy.
Stevia
Stevia has been used traditionally to treat diabetes. Early reports suggested that stevia might have beneficial effects on glucose tolerance (and therefore potentially help with diabetes), although not all reports have confirmed this. Even if stevia did not have direct antidiabetic effects, its use as a sweetener could reduce intake of sugars in such patients.
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba extract may prove useful for prevention and treatment of early-stage diabetic neuropathy.
Cinnamon - Triples insulin's efficiency.
Cinnamon is derived from the bark of a tree of the laurel family. In addition to spicing up foods; it also relieves stomach gas, eases nausea, and treat the loss of appetite. More than Cinnamon makes fat cells more responsive to insulin. Cinnamon increases the conversion of glucose to energy by twenty times. It also blocks the formation of dangerous free radicals. Reduction in the free radical activity, helps to slow down the progression of diabetic complications.
Barberry - One of the mildest and best liver tonics known.
Dosage: tincture, 10-30 drops; standard decoction or 3-9 g.
Gurmaar (Gymnema sylvestrae)
In Hindi language, Gurmaar means “The sugar killer”. It is a twine which is known since ages in Ayurveda for its sugar controlling activity. Recent studies show that it contains Gymnemic acid molecules responsible for its anti-diabetic action. They bind with glucose molecules in the intestines and inhibit their entry into the blood stream. Thus it is effective in controlling sugar levels.
Saptrangi (Salacia oblonga)
Salacia oblonga is a wonderful remedy for diabetes. It is also a tree whose bark is effective in controlling diabetes. It is extensively studied in the western herbal schools now a days, but in Ayurveda it is being used since ages.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Ashwagandha is adaptogenic, relieves anxiety and stress. It is also an effective anti-inflammatory. Ashwagandha is a useful herb especially for diabetic neuropathy, weakness, fatigue and weight loss due to diabetes. It improves overall well being.
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
It is popularly known as ‘The Holy Basil' is a sacred plant according to Hindu mythology. People in India worship this plant as it has tremendous medicinal properties. Regular use of leaves of this plant controls blood sugar levels very effectively. It is also useful in many types of cancers, viral and bacterial infections, sore throat, cough and cold etc.
MANGO LEAVES
It is also known as the King of Asiatic Fruits. Its leaves are of the utmost importance in diabetics. Mango tree has tender leaves which helps in lowering the blood glucose level in diabetics. The fresh leaves of mango are soaked in water for an overnight. Then they are squeezed well in the water before filtering them in the morning. Thus, this prepared infused water is taken every morning to control early diabetes. If patients don’t want to prepared infusion, then the leaves can be dried in shade, powdered and preserved. Half a teaspoonful of this powder is to be taken twice a day that is in the morning and evening.
CURRY LEAVES
The curry leaves are of high value in people suffering from diabetes because it contains lots of herbal properties. Curry leaves are usually made into chutney. Juice of curry leaves can also be made, which is then incorporated into buttermilk or lassi. Curry-leaves are of great value in losing weight and therefore they are of great importance in the treatment of diabetes occurs as a result of obesity. It is because due to reduction in weight, the diabetic patient stops passage of sugar in urine. It has been known that by eating ten fully grown curry leaves every morning for at least three months will prevent diabetes of heredity related. Although the curry leaves are little bitter but they are very beautiful.
SWEET POTATO LEAVES
The leaves of sweet potato are of high value in preventing diabetes, by lowering blood sugar level. The sweet potato is grown all over India. It is highly nutritious vegetable, is pinkish in colour and contains starch contents. Preparation of sweet potato leaves is used in the tea of diabetic patients. Near about 60 g of fresh laves or 30 g of dry leaves of sweet potato are mixed with 100 g of fresh skin or 12 g of dry skin of ash gourd. They are then cut into small pieces and boiled in water.
MADHUCA
The Indian name for Madhuca is Madhua. It is also possess excellent antidiabetic properties and is therefore highly beneficial in treating raised blood glucose levels. Commonly the Madhuca Tree posses a large bark of near about 20 metre in height and there is spreading top.
TENNER’S CASSIA
It is a shrub and just grows up to 30 to 60 cms in height. It is useful in treating diabetes. It may be used as a whole plant, bud or its flower or seeds. The powder of Tenner’s Cassia may also be used by mixing with honey. The use of plants to treat diabetes is a centuries-old practice, dating back to ancient Egyptian physicians in 1550 B.C. Nowadays it has been observed that the oral diabetes drugs have also been derived from herbs. The oral diabetic drug Metformin (Glucophage) originated from goat’s rue or French lilac, an herb used to treat diabetes since medieval times. Metformin is the only diabetes drug that has its origin from a botanical source. Worldwide, more than four hundred herbal remedies have been described for managing diabetes.
Since antiquity, diabetes has been treated with plant medicines. Recent scientific investigation has confirmed the efficacy of many of these preparations, some of which are remarkably effective. Only those herbs that appear most effective, are relatively non-toxic and have substantial documentation of efficacy are covered here.
Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino, Malabar Kino, Pitasara, Venga)
The tree is the source of the Kino of the European pharmacopeas. The gum-resin looks like dried blood (Dragon's blood), much used in Indian medicine. This herb has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. The flavonoid, (-)-epicatechin, extracted from the bark of this plant has been shown to prevent alloxan-induced beta cell damage in rats.
Both epicatechin and a crude alcohol extract of Pterocarpus marsupium have actually been shown to regenerate functional pancreatic beta cells. No other drug or natural agent has been shown to generate this activity.
Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia)
Bitter melon, also known as balsam pear, is a tropical vegetable widely cultivated in Asia, Africa and South America, and has been used extensively in folk medicine as a remedy for diabetes. The blood sugar lowering action of the fresh juice or extract of the unripe fruit has been clearly established in both experimental and clinical studies.
Bitter melon is composed of several compounds with confirmed anti-diabetic properties. Charantin, extracted by alcohol, is a hypoglycaemic agent composed of mixed steroids that is more potent than the drug tolbutamide which is often used in the treatment of diabetes. Momordica also contains an insulin-like polypeptide, polypeptide-P, which lowers blood sugar levels when injected subcutaneously into type 1 diabetic patients. The oral administration of 50-60 ml of the juice has shown good results in clinical trials.
Excessively high doses of bitter melon juice can cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. Small children or anyone with hypoglycemia should not take bitter melon, since this herb could theoretically trigger or worsen low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia. Furthermore, diabetics taking hypoglycemic drugs (such as chlorpropamide, glyburide, or phenformin) or insulin should use bitter melon with caution, as it may potentiate the effectiveness of the drugs, leading to severe hypoglycemia.
Gymnema Sylvestre (Gurmar, Meshasringi, Cherukurinja)
Gymnema assists the pancreas in the production of insulin in Type 2 diabetes. Gymnema also improves the ability of insulin to lower blood sugar in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. It decreases cravings for sweet. This herb can be an excellent substitute for oral blood sugar-lowering drugs in Type 2 diabetes. Some people take 500 mg per day of gymnema extract.
Onion and Garlic ( Allium cepa and Allium sativum)
Onion and garlic have significant blood sugar lowering action. The principal active ingredients are believed to be allyl propyl disulphide (APDS) and diallyl disulphide oxide (allicin), although other constitutents such as flavonoids may play a role as well.
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that APDS lowers glucose levels by competing with insulin for insulin-inactivating sites in the liver. This results in an increase of free insulin. APDS administered in doses of 125 mg/ kg to fasting humans was found to cause a marked fall in blood glucose levels and an increase in serum insulin. Allicin doses of 100 mg/kg produced a similar effect.
Onion extract was found to reduce blood sugar levels during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance. The effect improved as the dosage was increased; however, beneficial effects were observed even for low levels that used in the diet (eg., 25 to 200 grams). The effects were similar in both raw and boiled onion extracts. Onions affect the hepatic metabolism of glucose and/or increases the release of insulin, and/or prevent insulin's destruction.
The additional benefit of the use of garlic and onions are their beneficial cardiovascular effects. They are found to lower lipid levels, inhibit platelet aggregation and are antihypertensive. So, liberal use of onion and garlic are recommended for diabetic patients.
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated the antidiabetic properties of fenugreek seeds. The active ingredient responsible for the antidiabetic properties of fenugreek is in the defatted portion of the seed that contains the alkaloid trogonelline, nicotinic acid and coumarin.
Blueberry leaves (Vaccinium myrtillus)
A decoction of the leaves of the blueberry has a long history of folk use in the treatment of diabetes. The compound myrtillin (an anthocyanoside) is apparently the most active ingredient. Upon injection it is somewhat weaker than insulin, but is less toxic, even at 50 times the 1 g per day therapeutic dose. A single dose can produce beneficial effects lasting several weeks.
Blueberry anthocyanosides also increase capillary integrity, inhibit free-radical damage and improve the tone of the vascular system. In Europe, it is used as an anti-haemorrhagic agent in the treatment of eye diseases including diabetic retinopathy.
Asian Ginseng
Asian ginseng is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. It has been shown to enhance the release of insulin from the pancreas and to increase the number of insulin receptors. It also has a direct blood sugar-lowering effect.
A recent study found that 200 mg of ginseng extract per day improved blood sugar control as well as energy levels in Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM).
Bilberry
Bilberry may lower the risk of some diabetic complications, such as diabetic cataracts and retinopathy.
Stevia
Stevia has been used traditionally to treat diabetes. Early reports suggested that stevia might have beneficial effects on glucose tolerance (and therefore potentially help with diabetes), although not all reports have confirmed this. Even if stevia did not have direct antidiabetic effects, its use as a sweetener could reduce intake of sugars in such patients.
Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo biloba extract may prove useful for prevention and treatment of early-stage diabetic neuropathy.
Cinnamon - Triples insulin's efficiency.
Cinnamon is derived from the bark of a tree of the laurel family. In addition to spicing up foods; it also relieves stomach gas, eases nausea, and treat the loss of appetite. More than Cinnamon makes fat cells more responsive to insulin. Cinnamon increases the conversion of glucose to energy by twenty times. It also blocks the formation of dangerous free radicals. Reduction in the free radical activity, helps to slow down the progression of diabetic complications.
Barberry - One of the mildest and best liver tonics known.
Dosage: tincture, 10-30 drops; standard decoction or 3-9 g.
Gurmaar (Gymnema sylvestrae)
In Hindi language, Gurmaar means “The sugar killer”. It is a twine which is known since ages in Ayurveda for its sugar controlling activity. Recent studies show that it contains Gymnemic acid molecules responsible for its anti-diabetic action. They bind with glucose molecules in the intestines and inhibit their entry into the blood stream. Thus it is effective in controlling sugar levels.
Saptrangi (Salacia oblonga)
Salacia oblonga is a wonderful remedy for diabetes. It is also a tree whose bark is effective in controlling diabetes. It is extensively studied in the western herbal schools now a days, but in Ayurveda it is being used since ages.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Ashwagandha is adaptogenic, relieves anxiety and stress. It is also an effective anti-inflammatory. Ashwagandha is a useful herb especially for diabetic neuropathy, weakness, fatigue and weight loss due to diabetes. It improves overall well being.
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum)
It is popularly known as ‘The Holy Basil' is a sacred plant according to Hindu mythology. People in India worship this plant as it has tremendous medicinal properties. Regular use of leaves of this plant controls blood sugar levels very effectively. It is also useful in many types of cancers, viral and bacterial infections, sore throat, cough and cold etc.
MANGO LEAVES
It is also known as the King of Asiatic Fruits. Its leaves are of the utmost importance in diabetics. Mango tree has tender leaves which helps in lowering the blood glucose level in diabetics. The fresh leaves of mango are soaked in water for an overnight. Then they are squeezed well in the water before filtering them in the morning. Thus, this prepared infused water is taken every morning to control early diabetes. If patients don’t want to prepared infusion, then the leaves can be dried in shade, powdered and preserved. Half a teaspoonful of this powder is to be taken twice a day that is in the morning and evening.
CURRY LEAVES
The curry leaves are of high value in people suffering from diabetes because it contains lots of herbal properties. Curry leaves are usually made into chutney. Juice of curry leaves can also be made, which is then incorporated into buttermilk or lassi. Curry-leaves are of great value in losing weight and therefore they are of great importance in the treatment of diabetes occurs as a result of obesity. It is because due to reduction in weight, the diabetic patient stops passage of sugar in urine. It has been known that by eating ten fully grown curry leaves every morning for at least three months will prevent diabetes of heredity related. Although the curry leaves are little bitter but they are very beautiful.
SWEET POTATO LEAVES
The leaves of sweet potato are of high value in preventing diabetes, by lowering blood sugar level. The sweet potato is grown all over India. It is highly nutritious vegetable, is pinkish in colour and contains starch contents. Preparation of sweet potato leaves is used in the tea of diabetic patients. Near about 60 g of fresh laves or 30 g of dry leaves of sweet potato are mixed with 100 g of fresh skin or 12 g of dry skin of ash gourd. They are then cut into small pieces and boiled in water.
MADHUCA
The Indian name for Madhuca is Madhua. It is also possess excellent antidiabetic properties and is therefore highly beneficial in treating raised blood glucose levels. Commonly the Madhuca Tree posses a large bark of near about 20 metre in height and there is spreading top.
TENNER’S CASSIA
It is a shrub and just grows up to 30 to 60 cms in height. It is useful in treating diabetes. It may be used as a whole plant, bud or its flower or seeds. The powder of Tenner’s Cassia may also be used by mixing with honey. The use of plants to treat diabetes is a centuries-old practice, dating back to ancient Egyptian physicians in 1550 B.C. Nowadays it has been observed that the oral diabetes drugs have also been derived from herbs. The oral diabetic drug Metformin (Glucophage) originated from goat’s rue or French lilac, an herb used to treat diabetes since medieval times. Metformin is the only diabetes drug that has its origin from a botanical source. Worldwide, more than four hundred herbal remedies have been described for managing diabetes.
Sunday, June 15, 2008
antibiotics
ANTIBIOTICS-
An antibiotic (from Latin anti, "against" and Greek βιοτικός - biotikos, "fit for life") is a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits or abolishes the growth of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoa. The term originally referred to any agent with biological activity against living organisms; however, "antibiotic" now refers to substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity. The first widely used antibiotic compounds used in modern medicine were produced and isolated from living organisms, such as the penicillin class produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium, or streptomycin from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. With advances in organic chemistry many antibiotics are now also obtained by chemical synthesis, such as the sulfa drugs. Many antibiotics are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da.
HISTORY- penicillin is the first beta lactum antibiotic but now resustant to penicillinase enzyme . 
"Antibiotic" was originally used to refer only to substances extracted from a fungus or other microorganism, but has come to also include the many synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs that have antibacterial effects. Antibiotics can help succeed in curing many illnesses.
"Antibiotic" was originally used to refer only to substances extracted from a fungus or other microorganism, but has come to also include the many synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs that have antibacterial effects. Antibiotics can help succeed in curing many illnesses.
penicillin
Classes of antibiotics
At the highest level, antibiotics can be classified as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.
Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions
At the highest level, antibiotics can be classified as either bactericidal or bacteriostatic. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.
Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
Allergic reactions
antibiotics
1- aminoglycosides
generic name...................................brand name
Amikacin .......................................Amikin
Amikacin .......................................Amikin
Kanamycin ...................................Kantrex
Netilmicin.........................................Netromycin
Netilmicin.........................................Netromycin
Tobramycin ..................................Nebcin
Paromomycin .................................Humatin
Paromomycin .................................Humatin
Doripenem ......................................Finibax
Imipenem/Cilastatin......................Primaxin
Meropenem......................................Merrem
5-Cephalosporins
(First generation)
Cefadroxil .........................................Duricef
Cefazolin ...........................................Ancef
Cefalotin or Cefalothin.....................Keflin
Cefalexin.......................................... Keflex
Cefadroxil .........................................Duricef
Cefazolin ...........................................Ancef
Cefalotin or Cefalothin.....................Keflin
Cefalexin.......................................... Keflex
Cefaclor ...............................Ceclor
Cefamandole........................Mandole
Cefoxitin ..............................Mefoxin
Cefprozil..............................Cefzil
Cefuroxime .........................Ceftin, Zinnat
Cefixime..................................Suprax
Cefdinir..................................Omnicef
Cefditoren .............................Spectracef
Cefoperazone........................Cefobid
Cefotaxime............................Claforan
Cefpodoxime
Ceftazidime.............................Fortaz
Ceftibuten...............................Cedax
Azithromycin ,.........................Zithromax, Sumamed, Zitrocin
Clarithromycin,...................... Biaxin
Dirithromycin
Erythromycin ,.........................Erythocin, Erythroped
Roxithromycin
Troleandomycin
Telithromycin ,........................Ketek
Spectinomycin
Clarithromycin,...................... Biaxin
Dirithromycin
Erythromycin ,.........................Erythocin, Erythroped
Roxithromycin
Troleandomycin
Telithromycin ,........................Ketek
Spectinomycin
Amoxicillin,............................. Novamox, Amoxil
Ampicillin
Azlocillin
Carbenicillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin,............................... Floxapen
Mezlocillin
Meticillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Piperacillin
Ticarcillin
Ciprofloxacin ,...............................Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay
Enoxacin
Gatifloxacin ,.................................Tequin
Levofloxacin,.................................. Levaquin
Lomefloxacin
Moxifloxacin ,.................................Avelox
Norfloxacin,................................... Noroxin
Ofloxacin ,......................................Ocuflox
Trovafloxacin ,...............................Trovan
10-Sulfonamides
Mafenide
Prontosil (archaic)
Sulfacetamide
Sulfamethizole
Sulfanilimide (archaic)
Sulfasalazine
Sulfisoxazole
Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim ---
Prontosil (archaic)
Sulfacetamide
Sulfamethizole
Sulfanilimide (archaic)
Sulfasalazine
Sulfisoxazole
Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim ---
Demeclocycline
Doxycycline,....................................... Vibramycin
Minocycline ,......................................Minocin
Oxytetracycline,................................ Terracin
Tetracycline,. ....................................Sumycin
Doxycycline,....................................... Vibramycin
Minocycline ,......................................Minocin
Oxytetracycline,................................ Terracin
Tetracycline,. ....................................Sumycin
MODE OF ACTION-
AMINOGLYCOSIDES-
Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
CARBACEPHEM-
prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
CARBAPENEMS-
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
CEPHALOSPORINS-
1 st gen—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
2nd—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
3rd----
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
4th—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
5th—
inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
MACROLIDES-
inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding irreversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.
PENICILLINS-
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
QUINOLONES-
inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
SULFONAMIDES-
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.
TETRACYCLENES-
inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.
Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
CARBACEPHEM-
prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
CARBAPENEMS-
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
CEPHALOSPORINS-
1 st gen—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
2nd—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
3rd----
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
4th—
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
5th—
inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis
MACROLIDES-
inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding irreversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.
PENICILLINS-
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
QUINOLONES-
inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
SULFONAMIDES-
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide.
TETRACYCLENES-
inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.
USES-
1-Aminoglycosides
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes).
2-Ansamycins
antitumor antibiotics
3-Carbapenems
Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)
4-Macrolides
Streptococcal infections, syphilis, respiratory infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease.
5-Penicillins
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease
6-Quinolones
Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea
7-Sulfonamides
Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); mafenide is used topically for burns.
8-Tetracyclines
Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections.
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes).
2-Ansamycins
antitumor antibiotics
3-Carbapenems
Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)
4-Macrolides
Streptococcal infections, syphilis, respiratory infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease.
5-Penicillins
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease
6-Quinolones
Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea
7-Sulfonamides
Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide and mafenide); mafenide is used topically for burns.
8-Tetracyclines
Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections.
typhoid fever (natural treatment)
TYPHOID FEVER
We need to be so careful about eating from roadside joints and from other unhygienic places as diseases can spread easily. Typhoid fever is one such disease that is mainly related to hygiene and sanitary conditions rather than the climate itself. It is mainly because of contaminated food and water; as the germs are passed in the feces and, to some extent, the urine of infected people. Back to the days before antibiotics, one in five of untreated sufferers died of the disease. I’m sure we all know that anyone with typhoid usually have sustained fever as high as 103- 104 degree Fahrenheit. Now just because the person has fever does not mean that one is suffering from typhoid. For the final diagnosis to be established, the bacteria have to be detected in the samples from stool, blood or other tissues.Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. If the immune system is unable to stop the infection in the bowel, then it will multiply and spread to the bloodstream, with the first sign of fever. In the second phase of the disease, the bacterium penetrates the immune tissue of the small intestine, and thus violent small bowel symptoms begin.The common causes of Typhoid fever would thus be mainly ingestion of contaminated food or water, especially contamination of water where there is inadequate sewage system and poor sanitation. It is also caused when the person is in contact with a chronic carrier or with an acute case of typhoid fever.The common symptoms that can be observed in Typhoid fever are constipation followed by diarrhea, bloody stools, fever especially at night, chills, stomach pain, weakness, fatigue, malaise, sore throat, slow heart rate, uneasiness, general discomfort or ill-feeling.Some of the common home remedies for curing typhoid fever: First of all the patient should be well looked after. As the patient is ill, a high energy, protein, fluid diet is recommended in the beginning. Only easily digestible fruits like sweet lime, oranges etc. may be given and should be kept in a clean and airy room. Mash a ripe banana along with 1 tablespoon honey and eat twice a day for few days. Eating banana pulp mixed with butter milk reduces the fever during typhoid. Drinking hot water mixed with honey as well as drinking apple juice is beneficial. Another good remedy is to boil five cloves in water for 10 minutes and filter this. After cooling drink this decoction twice a day and get relief from Typhoid fever. Once the fever goes down semi-solid foods like khichiri, rice with curd, custard and kheer may be given.
refrence---http://medicine-at-home.blogspot.com/2007/07/typhoid-fever.html
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever and its Cure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typhoid Fever is characterized by typical course of temperature and ulceration of the bowels. The fever is of uncertain duration and is infectious.
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
· The patient feels weak, chilly and tired.
· Headache, backache, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite are other symptoms.
· Temperature rises and remains high for about 10-14 days.
· It rises in the evening and falls in the morning.
· Skin eruptions appear, tongue becomes dry and gets coated in the central region with white patches and inflammation of the bone occurs.
· Fever comes down gradually by end of fourth week.
Causes of Typhoid Fever
· Poor sanitation, contaminated water and infected milk is main factors responsible for developing typhoid.
· Flies contaminate the food with germs and people carrying the germs can also spread the disease if they prepare or serve food.
· Wrong dietary habits and faulty style of living lead to accumulation of toxic waste in the body and promotes typhoid fever.
· It is common in people who eat more meat and fleshy foods.
Natural remedies for Typhoid Fever
· Complete bed rest is essential.
· Patient should be kept on a liquid diet of orange, barley juice and milk. Orange juice especially hastens recovery as it increases energy, promotes body resistance and increases urinary output. Administer warm water enema regularly.
· Apply cold compress to head if temperature rises above 103 degree Fahrenheit. Or wrap the body and legs twice with a sheet wrung in cold water and then cover it with a warm material. The pack should be kept for an hour and renewed after every 3 hours. Hot water bottles may be applied to the sides of the body and feet.
· Fresh fruits and easily digestible foods can be given after temperature comes down to normal.
· Plain water or unsweetened lemon water can be used for drinking.
· Gradually start a well-balanced diet.
refrence---http://www.tandurust.com/natural-home-remedies/typhoid-fever.html
We need to be so careful about eating from roadside joints and from other unhygienic places as diseases can spread easily. Typhoid fever is one such disease that is mainly related to hygiene and sanitary conditions rather than the climate itself. It is mainly because of contaminated food and water; as the germs are passed in the feces and, to some extent, the urine of infected people. Back to the days before antibiotics, one in five of untreated sufferers died of the disease. I’m sure we all know that anyone with typhoid usually have sustained fever as high as 103- 104 degree Fahrenheit. Now just because the person has fever does not mean that one is suffering from typhoid. For the final diagnosis to be established, the bacteria have to be detected in the samples from stool, blood or other tissues.Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. If the immune system is unable to stop the infection in the bowel, then it will multiply and spread to the bloodstream, with the first sign of fever. In the second phase of the disease, the bacterium penetrates the immune tissue of the small intestine, and thus violent small bowel symptoms begin.The common causes of Typhoid fever would thus be mainly ingestion of contaminated food or water, especially contamination of water where there is inadequate sewage system and poor sanitation. It is also caused when the person is in contact with a chronic carrier or with an acute case of typhoid fever.The common symptoms that can be observed in Typhoid fever are constipation followed by diarrhea, bloody stools, fever especially at night, chills, stomach pain, weakness, fatigue, malaise, sore throat, slow heart rate, uneasiness, general discomfort or ill-feeling.Some of the common home remedies for curing typhoid fever: First of all the patient should be well looked after. As the patient is ill, a high energy, protein, fluid diet is recommended in the beginning. Only easily digestible fruits like sweet lime, oranges etc. may be given and should be kept in a clean and airy room. Mash a ripe banana along with 1 tablespoon honey and eat twice a day for few days. Eating banana pulp mixed with butter milk reduces the fever during typhoid. Drinking hot water mixed with honey as well as drinking apple juice is beneficial. Another good remedy is to boil five cloves in water for 10 minutes and filter this. After cooling drink this decoction twice a day and get relief from Typhoid fever. Once the fever goes down semi-solid foods like khichiri, rice with curd, custard and kheer may be given.
refrence---http://medicine-at-home.blogspot.com/2007/07/typhoid-fever.html
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever and its Cure
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Typhoid Fever is characterized by typical course of temperature and ulceration of the bowels. The fever is of uncertain duration and is infectious.
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
· The patient feels weak, chilly and tired.
· Headache, backache, diarrhea, constipation, loss of appetite are other symptoms.
· Temperature rises and remains high for about 10-14 days.
· It rises in the evening and falls in the morning.
· Skin eruptions appear, tongue becomes dry and gets coated in the central region with white patches and inflammation of the bone occurs.
· Fever comes down gradually by end of fourth week.
Causes of Typhoid Fever
· Poor sanitation, contaminated water and infected milk is main factors responsible for developing typhoid.
· Flies contaminate the food with germs and people carrying the germs can also spread the disease if they prepare or serve food.
· Wrong dietary habits and faulty style of living lead to accumulation of toxic waste in the body and promotes typhoid fever.
· It is common in people who eat more meat and fleshy foods.
Natural remedies for Typhoid Fever
· Complete bed rest is essential.
· Patient should be kept on a liquid diet of orange, barley juice and milk. Orange juice especially hastens recovery as it increases energy, promotes body resistance and increases urinary output. Administer warm water enema regularly.
· Apply cold compress to head if temperature rises above 103 degree Fahrenheit. Or wrap the body and legs twice with a sheet wrung in cold water and then cover it with a warm material. The pack should be kept for an hour and renewed after every 3 hours. Hot water bottles may be applied to the sides of the body and feet.
· Fresh fruits and easily digestible foods can be given after temperature comes down to normal.
· Plain water or unsweetened lemon water can be used for drinking.
· Gradually start a well-balanced diet.
refrence---http://www.tandurust.com/natural-home-remedies/typhoid-fever.html
Saturday, June 14, 2008
TARUN FOR EDUCATION
hello.................... my self--- TARUN SIDDHARTHA
profession--PHARMACIST(b.pharm)
living in india
.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
pharmacy is a good profession for students of science .
at begning of pharmacy- students feel that they are not in good field because the begning of pharmacy begins/starts with basic knowledge but after two years thy comes to educate about different DISEASES their treatment by use of new recent drug's ,
mechanism of action ,side effects of drugs ,contraindications under the book of pharmacology.
like goodman gillman, k.d. tripathi(india). and many more
there are many diseases to the human by microorganisms to treat these diseases ANTIBIOTICS are used.
ANTIBIOTICS-
antibiotic inhibits the growth of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
.jpg)
